TypeScript 接口
接口是一系列抽象方法的声明,是一些方法特征的集合,这些方法都应该是抽象的,需要由具体的类去实现,然后第三方就可以通过这组抽象方法调用,让具体的类执行具体的方法。
TypeScript 接口定义如下:
interface interface_name {
}
实例
以下实例中,我们定义了一个接口 IPerson,接着定义了一个变量 customer,它的类型是 IPerson。
customer 实现了接口 IPerson 的属性和方法。
interface IPerson { firstName:string, lastName:string, sayHi: ()=>string } var customer:IPerson = { firstName:"Tom", lastName:"Hanks", sayHi: ():string =>{return "Hi there"} } console.log("Customer 对象 ") console.log(customer.firstName) console.log(customer.lastName) console.log(customer.sayHi()) var employee:IPerson = { firstName:"Jim", lastName:"Blakes", sayHi: ():string =>{return "Hello!!!"} } console.log("Employee 对象 ") console.log(employee.firstName) console.log(employee.lastName)
编译以上代码,得到以下 JavaScript 代码:
var customer = { firstName: "Tom", lastName: "Hanks", sayHi: function () { return "Hi there"; } }; console.log("Customer 对象 "); console.log(customer.firstName); console.log(customer.lastName); console.log(customer.sayHi()); var employee = { firstName: "Jim", lastName: "Blakes", sayHi: function () { return "Hello!!!"; } }; console.log("Employee 对象 "); console.log(employee.firstName); console.log(employee.lastName);
Customer 对象 Tom Hanks Hi there Employee 对象 Jim Blakes
联合类型和接口
以下实例演示了如何在接口中使用联合类型:
interface RunOptions { program:string; commandline:string[]|string|(()=>string); }// commandline 是字符串 var options:RunOptions = {program:"test1",commandline:"Hello"}; console.log(options.commandline)// commandline 是字符串数组 options = {program:"test1",commandline:["Hello","World"]}; console.log(options.commandline[0]); console.log(options.commandline[1]);// commandline 是一个函数表达式 options = {program:"test1",commandline:()=>{return "**Hello World**";}}; var fn:any = options.commandline; console.log(fn());
编译以上代码,得到以下 JavaScript 代码:
// commandline 是字符串 var options = { program: "test1", commandline: "Hello" }; console.log(options.commandline);// commandline 是字符串数组 options = { program: "test1", commandline: ["Hello", "World"] }; console.log(options.commandline[0]); console.log(options.commandline[1]);// commandline 是一个函数表达式 options = { program: "test1", commandline: function () { return "**Hello World**"; } }; var fn = options.commandline; console.log(fn());
Hello Hello World **Hello World**
接口和数组
接口中我们可以将数组的索引值和元素设置为不同类型,索引值可以是数字或字符串。
设置元素为字符串类型:
interface namelist { [index:number]:string }// 类型一致,正确 var list2:namelist = ["Google","Runoob","Taobao"]// 错误元素 1 不是 string 类型 // var list2:namelist = ["Runoob",1,"Taobao"]
如果使用了其他类型会报错:
interface namelist { [index:number]:string }// 类型一致,正确 var list2:namelist = ["Google","Runoob","Taobao"] // 错误元素 1 不是 string 类型 var list2:namelist = ["Runoob",1,"Taobao"]
执行后报错如下,显示类型不一致:
test.ts:8:30 - error TS2322: Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string'. 8 var list2:namelist = ["John",1,"Bran"] ~ test.ts:2:4 2 [index:number]:string ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The expected type comes from this index signature. Found 1 error.
interface ages { [index:string]:number } var agelist:ages;// 类型正确 agelist["runoob"] = 15// 类型错误,输出 error TS2322: Type '"google"' is not assignable to type 'number'. // agelist[2] = "google"
接口继承
○ 接口继承就是说接口可以通过其他接口来扩展自己。
○ Typescript 允许接口继承多个接口。
○ 继承使用关键字 extends。
单接口继承语法格式:
Child_interface_name extends super_interface_name
多接口继承语法格式:
Child_interface_name extends super_interface1_name, super_interface2_name,…,super_interfaceN_name
继承的各个接口使用逗号 , 分隔。
单继承实例
interface Person { age:number } interface Musician extends Person { instrument:string } var drummer = <Musician>{}; drummer.age = 27 drummer.instrument = "Drums" console.log("年龄: "+drummer.age) console.log("喜欢的乐器: "+drummer.instrument)
编译以上代码,得到以下 JavaScript 代码:
var drummer = {}; drummer.age = 27; drummer.instrument = "Drums"; console.log("年龄: " + drummer.age); console.log("喜欢的乐器: " + drummer.instrument);
多继承实例
interface IParent1 { v1:number } interface IParent2 { v2:number } interface Child extends IParent1, IParent2 { } var Iobj:Child = { v1:12, v2:23} console.log("value 1: "+Iobj.v1+" value 2: "+Iobj.v2)
编译以上代码,得到以下 JavaScript 代码:
var Iobj = { v1: 12, v2: 23 }; console.log("value 1: " + Iobj.v1 + " value 2: " + Iobj.v2);